乙酰乳酸合成酶及其抑制剂研究新进展

乙酰乳酸合成酶(AHAS)是支链氨基酸生物合成途径中的一个关键酶,是绿色除草剂的重要作用靶标。由于此生物合成过程只存在于植物和微生物体内,因此该类抑制剂对哺乳动物具有生物安全性。近年来,随着AHAS三维结构的阐明,人们不仅深入了解了已有抑制剂的作用机制,并且依此设计开发了一些新型的抑制剂,拓展了其在抑菌活性方面的生物学功能。文章对近年来AHAS及其抑制剂的最新研究进展进行了综述,重点就AHAS的酶学特征、结构特征及结合方式,以AHAS为靶标的新颖除草活性化合物的设计开发以及AHAS抑制剂的抗菌生物活性研究进展等问题详细进行了总结,以期为设计开发靶向AHAS的新型除草剂或抗菌药物提供参考。     

除草剂防治云杉矮槲寄生效果初报

选用5种不同的常见除草剂,在云杉天然林中对云杉矮槲寄生芽进行防除试验,筛选出效果理想且无药害发生的药剂,并确定其最佳使用浓度。结果表明在寄生芽上喷施浓度为1∶100的90%乙草胺乳油防效最好,施药后3 d寄生芽开始脱落,施药14 d后对寄生芽防除率达到100％,其他几种试验药剂虽然对寄生芽也有防除作用,但效果次之。     

3种除草剂对甘薯田杂草的田间防效试验

为明确乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚、二甲戊乐灵3种除草剂对甘薯的安全性和对甘薯田杂草的防治效果,进行了田间小区试验。结果表明：各处理对甘薯安全,综合30、45d调查结果,喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2对禾本科杂草株防效较好;喷洒24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^2对阔叶杂草防效较好;喷洒50％乙草胺乳油4500mL／hm^2、24％乙氧氟草醚乳油750mL／hm^2和24％乙氧氟草醚乳油1500mL／hm^23个处理对杂草的综合防效较好。30d综合株防效分别为73．05％、65．55％、83．81％;45d综合株防效分别为86．26％、84．54％、88．81％,鲜重防效分别为92．90％、97．11％、97．80％,可有效防除甘薯田杂草。     

糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆除草剂的抗性研究

对甜、糯玉米自交系及其组配的杂交种对烟嘧磺隆抗性表现进行比较分析。结果表明,在糯玉米种质中存在抗除草剂基因型,利用抗性材料进行杂交组合的组配可提高杂交种对除草剂的抗性,且糯玉米敏感基因型的药害反应与甜玉米不同,糯玉米中可能存在不同的抗性基因。研究明确糯玉米进行抗烟嘧磺隆种质筛选的药剂浓度与建议浓度一致,对杂交种抗除草剂鉴定采用1.5倍建议浓度,调查除草剂药害的最适时间在药剂处理后10～15 d。     

Growth and fitness of triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis)

Two greenhouse trials were conducted over a 2 year period (2004 and 2005) to compare the relative growth potential and fitness of triazine-susceptible (TS) and triazine-resistant (TR) waterhemp biotypes. Waterhemp plants from each biotype were grown in 6 L pots in the greenhouse in a completely randomized design. There was no difference in leaf number, plant height, plant biomass, time to bud or time to flower between the two biotypes. The TR female waterhemp plants produced 30% less reproductive biomass and 39% less seed than the TS biotype. The fitness penalty associated with triazine resistance was related to reproductive capability, not to vegetative growth.     

两种二苯醚类除草剂对花生苗期生长发育及氮素代谢的影响

在温室条件下,研究三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对苗期花生生长发育以及氮素代谢的影响.结果表明两种除草荆均明显抑制苗期花生的生长发育,同时抑制苗期花生的氮素代谢过程中关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,导致苗期花生植株的全氮含量显著降低.其中三氟羧草醚对花生生长发育的抑制作用较强,在高剂量下,对花生植株鲜重抑制率、干重抑制率分别为32.85%和30.00%;与对照花生的结瘤率(80.00%)相比,三氟羧草醚处理的花生结瘤率为28.60%;叶片叶绿素含量在处理后各时期均低于空白对照.三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对花生氮素代谢的关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,影响了花生氮素的正常代谢.花生植株全氮含量分别为1.452%和1.553%,显著低于对照植株全氮含量.     

Diclofop resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) in wheat fields in Greece and its management by other post-emergence herbicides

In 2009, a survey was conducted of cereal fields in five prefectures of Greece to establish the frequency and distribution of herbicide-resistant sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.). In total, 104 sterile wild oat accessions were collected and screened in a field experiment (conducted in 2009 and repeated in 2010) with several herbicides commonly used to control this weed. Most of the sterile wild oat accessions (89%) were classed as resistant (or developing resistant) to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop, while resistance to other ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was markedly lower. The results of the pot experiments showed that some of the sterile wild oat accessions were found to have a very high level of diclofop resistance (resistance index up to 28.6), while cross-resistance with other herbicides was common. The levels of resistance and cross-resistance patterns varied among biotypes with different amount and time of selection pressure, indicating either more than one mechanism of resistance or different resistance mutations in these sterile wild oat biotypes. LA14, which had the highest diclofop resistance level (28.6 resistance index), showed resistance to all APP herbicides applied and non-ACCase inhibitors. Alternative ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, namely tralkoxydim and pinoxaden remain effective on 86 and 92% of the tested sterile wild oat populations, respectively. For the ALS-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, nearly all the sterile wild oat accessions were susceptible (97%), with only 3 of them classed as developing resistance. Therefore, there is an opportunity to effectively control sterile wild oat by selecting from a wide range of herbicides and other cultural practices. Early post-emergence herbicide application is strongly suggested, since it could decrease the number of resistant seeds in the field and slow down the dispersal of this major problem.     

表面活性剂辅助-凝固-漂浮分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱法检测葡萄酒中4种三嗪类除草剂残留

建立了表面活性剂辅助-凝固-漂浮分散液-液微萃取-高效液相色谱(SA-DLLME-SFO-HPLC)法检测葡萄酒中西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净4种三嗪类除草剂残留的分析方法。考察了萃取剂的类型、萃取剂和表面活性剂的体积、萃取时间和盐效应等对萃取效率的影响,确定最佳萃取条件为:20 μL十一醇作为萃取剂,2 μL 0.25 g/L的Tween-20水溶液作为分散剂,萃取时间10 min,氯化钠的质量浓度为250 g/L。结果表明:西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净的线性范围为0.008~5 mg/L,检出限分别为2.4、1.8、2.0和2.8 μg/L,富集倍数在24.5~32.4之间。在0.008、0.08和2.4 mg/L添加水平下,西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净在葡萄酒中的回收率在84%~102%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.1%~6.9%之间。该方法可用于葡萄酒中西玛津、莠去津、特丁津和扑草净残留量的测定。